Ngā Pūrongo

I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 10,000 ngā taputapu hauora puta noa i te ao. 1 Me whakatakoto e ngā whenua te haumaru o ngā tūroro ki te tuatahi, me te whakarite kia uru atu ki ngā taputapu hauora kounga teitei, haumaru, me te whai hua. 2,3 Kei te tipu tonu te mākete taputapu hauora o Amerika Latina i tētahi tere tipu nui ia tau. Me kawemai e ngā whenua o Amerika Latina me Karipiana neke atu i te 90% o ngā taputapu hauora nā te mea ko te hanga me te tuku taputapu hauora ā-rohe he iti iho i te 10% o tā rātou katoa e hiahia ana.
Ko Argentina te whenua tuarua o Amerika Latina i muri i a Brazil. Me te taupori e tata ana ki te 49 miriona, koia te tuawhā o ngā whenua tino taupori i te rohe4, me te tuatoru o ngā ōhanga nui rawa atu i muri i a Brazil me Mexico, me te hua ā-motu whānui (GNP) e tata ana ki te US$450 piriona. Ko te moni whiwhi ā-tau mō ia tangata o Argentina ko US$22,140, ​​​​ko tētahi o ngā mea teitei rawa atu i Amerika Latina.5
Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakaahua i te kaha o te pūnaha hauora o Argentina me tana whatunga hōhipera. Hei tāpiri, ka tātarihia te whakaritenga, ngā mahi, me ngā āhuatanga ture o te anga ture mō ngā taputapu hauora o Argentina me tōna whanaungatanga ki Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur). Hei whakamutunga, i runga i te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga whānui me te pāpori i Argentina, ka whakarāpopotohia ngā whai wāhitanga pakihi me ngā wero e whakaatuhia ana e te mākete taputapu o Argentina i tēnei wā.
E toru ngā pūnaha iti o te pūnaha hauora o Argentina: te pūnaha tūmatanui, te pūnaha haumaru hapori, me te pūnaha tūmataiti. Kei roto i te rāngai tūmatanui ngā manatū ā-motu me ngā manatū ā-rohe, me te whatunga o ngā hōhipera tūmatanui me ngā pokapū hauora, e whakarato ana i ngā ratonga hauora kore utu ki te hunga e hiahia ana ki te tiaki hauora kore utu, arā, ko te hunga kāore e tika ana mō te pūnaha haumaru hapori, ā, kāore e taea te utu. Mā te moni whiwhi pūtea ka whakaratohia he moni mō te pūnaha tiaki hauora tūmatanui, ā, ka whiwhi utu auau mai i te pūnaha haumaru hapori hei whakarato ratonga ki ōna hononga.
He mea whakahau te pūnaha haumaru hapori, e aro ana ki ngā "obra sociales" (ngā mahere hauora rōpū, OS), e whakarite ana, e whakarato ana hoki i ngā ratonga hauora ki ngā kaimahi me ō rātou whānau. Ko ngā koha mai i ngā kaimahi me ō rātou kaitukumahi te putea mō te nuinga o ngā OS, ā, e mahi ana rātou mā roto i ngā kirimana me ngā kaihoko tūmataiti.
Kei roto i te pūnaha tūmataiti ngā tohunga hauora me ngā whare hauora e rongoā ana i ngā tūroro whai rawa, ngā tāngata whai pānga OS, me ngā kaipupuri inihua tūmataiti. Kei roto hoki i tēnei pūnaha ngā kamupene inihua tūao e kiia nei ko ngā kamupene inihua "rongoā utu-mua". Mā roto i ngā utu inihua, ka whakaratohia e ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā whānau me ngā kaitukumahi he moni mō ngā kamupene inihua hauora utu-mua. 7 Ko ngā hōhipera tūmatanui o Argentina te 51% o te tapeke o ngā hōhipera (tata ki te 2,300), ko te tuarima o ngā whenua o Amerika Latina me te nuinga o ngā hōhipera tūmatanui. Ko te ōwehenga o ngā moenga hōhipera he 5.0 moenga mō ia 1,000 tāngata, he teitei ake i te toharite o te 4.7 i roto i ngā whenua o te Whakahaere mō te Mahi Tahi me te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga (OECD). Hei tāpiri, ko Argentina tētahi o ngā ōwehenga teitei rawa o ngā tākuta o te ao, me te 4.2 mō ia 1,000 tāngata, he nui ake i te OECD 3.5 me te toharite o Tiamana (4.0), Pāniora me te United Kingdom (3.0) me ētahi atu whenua Pākehā. 8
Kua whakarārangihia e te Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) te Argentina National Food, Drug and Medical Technology Administration (ANMAT) hei tari whakahaere taumata-whā, arā, ka taea te whakarite ki te US FDA. Ko ANMAT te kawenga mō te tirotiro me te whakarite i te whai huatanga, te haumaru me te kounga teitei o ngā rongoā, kai me ngā taputapu hauora. Ka whakamahia e ANMAT he pūnaha whakarōpūtanga e hangai ana ki te mōrearea e rite ana ki te mea e whakamahia ana i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi me Kanata hei tirotiro i te whakamanatanga, te rēhitatanga, te tirotiro, te aroturukitanga me ngā āhuatanga pūtea o ngā taputapu hauora puta noa i te motu. Ka whakamahia e ANMAT he whakarōpūtanga e hangai ana ki te mōrearea, e wehea ai ngā taputapu hauora ki ngā wāhanga e whā i runga i ngā mōrearea pea: Akomanga I-mōrearea iti rawa; Akomanga II-mōrearea reo; Akomanga III-mōrearea teitei; me te Akomanga IV-mōrearea tino teitei. Me whakatū e tetahi kaihanga ke e hiahia ana ki te hoko taputapu hauora i Argentina he māngai ā-rohe ki te tuku i ngā tuhinga e hiahiatia ana mō te tukanga rēhita. Ko te papu whaowhia, te papu ngira me te papu kai (papu whāngai) hei taputapu hauora IIb, me tuku ki te New MDR i te tau 2024.
E ai ki ngā ture rēhita taputapu hauora e pā ana, me whai tari ā-rohe, me whai kaituku rānei ngā kaihanga kua rēhita ki te Manatū Hauora o Argentina kia tutuki ai ngā Tikanga Hanga Pai rawa atu (BPM). Mō ngā taputapu hauora Akomanga III me te Akomanga IV, me tuku e ngā kaihanga ngā hua whakamātautau haumanu hei whakamatau i te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te taputapu. E 110 ngā rā mahi a ANMAT hei aromatawai i te tuhinga me te tuku i te whakamanatanga e rite ana; mō ngā taputapu hauora Akomanga I me te Akomanga II, e 15 ngā rā mahi a ANMAT hei aromatawai me te whakaae. E rima tau te mana o te rēhitatanga o tētahi taputapu hauora, ā, ka taea e te kaihanga te whakahou i roto i te 30 rā i mua i tōna paunga. He tikanga rēhita ngāwari mō ngā whakatikatika ki ngā tiwhikete rēhita ANMAT o ngā hua kāwai III me te IV, ā, ka tukuna he whakautu i roto i te 15 ngā rā mahi mā te whakapuakitanga o te tutuki. Me whakarato hoki e te kaihanga he hītori katoa o ngā hokonga o mua o te taputapu i ētahi atu whenua. 10
I te mea he wāhanga a Argentina o Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) - he rohe hokohoko kei roto i a Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay me Uruguay - ka tākehia ngā taputapu hauora kawemai katoa i runga anō i te Mercosur Common External Tariff (CET). Ko te reiti tāke kei waenganui i te 0% ki te 16%. Mō ngā taputapu hauora kua whakahoutia mai, ko te reiti tāke kei waenganui i te 0% ki te 24%. 10
He nui te pānga o te mate urutā COVID-19 ki Argentina. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 I te tau 2020, i heke te hua ā-motu whānui o te whenua mā te 9.9%, koinei te hekenga nui rawa atu i roto i ngā tau 10. Ahakoa tēnei, ka whakaatu tonu te ōhanga ā-rohe i ngā koretake nui o te ōhanga whānui i te tau 2021: ahakoa ngā whakahaere utu a te kāwanatanga, ka eke tonu te reiti pikinga ā-tau i te tau 2020 ki te 36%. 6 Ahakoa te reiti pikinga teitei me te hekenga o te ōhanga, kua whakapiki ake ngā hōhipera o Argentina i ā rātou hoko taputapu hauora taketake me ngā taputapu hauora tino motuhake i te tau 2020. Ko te pikinga o te hoko taputapu hauora motuhake i te tau 2020 mai i te tau 2019 ko: 17
I roto i taua wā anō mai i te tau 2019 ki te tau 2020, kua piki ake te hoko o ngā taputapu hauora taketake i ngā hōhipera o Argentina: 17
He mea whakamīharo, ki te whakaritea ki te tau 2019, ka piki ake te maha o ngā momo taputapu hauora utu nui i Argentina i te tau 2020, inā koa i te tau i whakakorehia ai, i whakaroahia rānei ngā tikanga pokanga e hiahia ana ki ēnei taputapu nā te COVID-19. E whakaatu ana te matapae mō te tau 2023 ka piki ake te tere tipu ā-tau (CAGR) o ngā taputapu hauora ngaio e whai ake nei:17
He whenua whakakotahi a Argentina, he pūnaha hauora tūmatanui, he whenua tūmataiti hoki e whakahaerehia ana e te kāwanatanga. He tino pai ngā whai wāhitanga pakihi mā te mākete taputapu hauora nā te mea me kawemai e Argentina te nuinga o ngā hua hauora. Ahakoa ngā mana whakahaere moni pakari, te pikinga utu nui me te iti o te haumi ki tāwāhi,18 ko te nui o te tono mō ngā taputapu hauora taketake me ngā taputapu motuhake kua kawemaihia, ngā wātaka whakaaetanga ture whaitake, te whakangungu mātauranga taumata teitei mō ngā tohunga hauora o Argentina, me ngā kaha hōhipera tino pai o te whenua. Nā tēnei ka waiho a Argentina hei wāhi ataahua mō ngā kaihanga taputapu hauora e hiahia ana ki te whakawhānui i ō rātou tapuwae ki Amerika Latina.
1. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Regulación de dispositivos médicos [Ipurangi]. 2021 [whakahua mai i te 17 o Mei, 2021]. Wātea mai i: https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3418:2010-medical-devices-regulation&Itemid=41722&lang=es
2. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL. Las retricciones a la exportación de productos médicos dificultan los esfuerzos por contener la enfermedad porcoronavirus (COVID-19) en América Latina y el Caribe [COVID-19]. //repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45510/1/S2000309_es.pdf
3. Organización Panamericana de la salud. Dispositivos médicos [Ipurangi]. 2021 [whakahua mai i te 17 o Mei, 2021]. Wātea mai i: https://www.paho.org/es/temas/dispositivos-medicos
4. Tonotono Datos. Argentina: Economía y demografía [Ipurangi]. 2021 [whakahua mai i te 17 o Mei, 2021]. Wātea mai: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/argentina
5. Kaitautoko. Producto interno bruto por país en América Latina y el Caribe en 2020 [Ipurangi]. 2020. E waatea ana mai i te URL e whai ake nei: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1065726/pib-por-paises-america-latina-y-caribe/
6. Te Peeke o te Ao. Te Peeke o te Ao o Argentina [Ipurangi]. 2021. Kei te wātea mai i te paetukutuku e whai ake nei: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/argentina/overview
7. Belló M, Becerril-Montekio VM. Ko te punaha o Argentina. Salud Publica Mex [Ipurangi]. 2011; 53: 96-109. Wātea mai i: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342011000800006
8. Corpart G. Latinoamérica es uno de los mercados hospitalarios másrobustos del mundo. Nga Korero Hauora o te Ao [Ipurangi]. 2018; wātea mai: https://globalhealthintelligence.com/es/analisis-de-ghi/latinoamerica-es-uno-de-los-mercados-hospitalarios-mas-robustos-del-mundo/
9. Minita o Argentina Anmat. ANMAT elegida por OMS como sede para concluir el desarrollo de la herramienta de evaluación de sistemasregulationios [Ipurangi]. 2018. Wātea mai i: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/comunicados/ANMAT_sede_evaluacion_OMS.pdf
10. RegDesk. He tirohanga whānui ki ngā ture taputapu hauora o Argentina [Ipurangi]. 2019. Kei te wātea mai i: https://www.regdesk.co/an-overview-of-medical-device-regulations-in-argentina/
11. Kairuruku o te Komiti Hangarau Ahuwhenua. Productos médicos: normativas sobre habilitaciones, registro y trazabilidad [Ipurangi]. 2021 [whakahua mai i te 18 o Mei, 2021]. Wātea mai i: http://www.cofybcf.org.ar/noticia_anterior.php?n=1805
12. Ortiz-Barrios M, Gul M, López-Meza P, Yucesan M, Navarro-Jiménez E. Aromatawai i te whakarite mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere o te hōhipera mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga whakatau maha-paearu: Hei tauira, me tango ngā hōhipera o Turkey. Int J Disaster Risk Reduction [Ipurangi]. Hōngongoi 2020; 101748. Kei te wātea mai i: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221242092030354X doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101748
13. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Navarro-Jiménez E, Jimenez M, Hormeño-Holgado A, Martinez-Gonzalez MB, Benitez-Agudelo JC, me ētahi atu. Te pānga o te mate urutā COVID-19 ki te hauora hinengaro o te marea: he kōrero whānui. Te Oranga Tonu [Ipurangi]. Maehe 15 2021; 13(6):3221. Kei te wātea mai i: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3221 doi: 10.3390/su13063221
14. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Hormeno-Holgado AJ, Jiménez M, Agudelo JCB, Jiménez EN, Perez-Palencia N, me ētahi atu. Ngā āhuatanga ārai mate o te taupori nā te pānga rōpū i roto i te mate urutā COVID-19. Kano kano [Ipurangi]. Mei 2020; e wātea ana mai i: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/236 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020236
15. Romo A, Ojeda-Galaviz C. Me nui atu i te rua ngā mahi tango mō te COVID-19: te tātaritanga o te urupare wawe ki te mate urutā i Argentina (Hanuere 2020 ki Paenga-whāwhā 2020). Int J Environ Res Public Health [Ipurangi]. Hakihea 24, 2020; 18(1):73. Kei te wātea mai i: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/73 doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010073
16. Bolaño-Ortiz TR, Puliafito SE, Berná-Peña LL, Pascual-Flores RM, Urquiza J, Camargo-Caicedo Y. Nga huringa i roto i nga tukunga hau me o raatau paanga ohaoha i te wa o te raka mate mate COVID-19 i Argentina. Tauwhiro [Ipurangi]. Oketopa 19, 2020; 12(20): 8661. Wātea mai i: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/20/8661 doi: 10.3390/su12208661
17. Corpart G. En Argentina en 2020, se dispararon las cantidades deequipos médicos especializados [Ipurangi]. 2021 [whakahua mai i te 17 o Mei, 2021]. Wātea mai i: https://globalhealthintelligence.com/es/analisis-de-ghi/en-argentina-en-2020-se-dispararon-las-cantidades-de-equipos-medicos-especializados/
18. Otaola J, Bianchi W. I heke te ōhanga o Argentina i te hauwhā tuawhā; ko te tau tuatoru tēnei o te hekenga ōhanga. Reuters [Ipurangi]. 2021; Kei te wātea mai i: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-economy-gdp-idUSKBN2BF1DT
Ko Julio G. Martinez-Clark te kaiwhakaū me te Tumu Whakarae o bioaccess, he kamupene tohutohu urunga mākete e mahi tahi ana me ngā kamupene taputapu hauora hei āwhina i a rātou ki te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau haumanu whaihua wawe me te hokohoko i ā rātou mahi auaha i Amerika Latina. Ko Julio anō hoki te kaihautū o te podcast LATAM Medtech Leaders: he kōrerorero ia wiki me ngā kaiārahi Medtech angitu i Amerika Latina. He mema ia nō te poari tohutohu o te kaupapa auaha whakararuraru matua o Te Whare Wānanga o Stetson. Kei a ia te tohu paetahi i roto i te miihini hiko me te tohu māhita i roto i te whakahaere pakihi.